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Study Material

ENG HONS CC

Core Course (CC)

NON CHORDATE I : PROTISTS TO PSEUDOCOELOMATES

Cnidaria

â–ºGeneral characteristics

â–ºClassification up to classes

â–ºMetagenesis in Obelia

â–ºPolymorphism in Cnidaria

â–ºCorals and coral reef—

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Ctenophora

â–ºGeneral characteristics

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Platyhelminthes

â–ºGeneral characteristics

â–ºClassification up to classes

â–ºLife cycle and pathogenicity and control measures —

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Nematoda

â–ºGeneral characteristics

â–ºClassification up to classes

â–ºLife cycle and pathogenicity and control measures —

â–ºParasitic adaptations in helminthes

â–ºOrigin and evolution of parasitic helminthes

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Introduction

â–ºEvolution of Coelom

Annelida

â–º General characteristics and Classification up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994)

â–º Excretion in Annelida through nephridia

â–º Metamerism in Annelida.

 

Arthropoda

â–º General characteristics and Classification up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994)

â–º Insect Eye (Cockroach only)

â–º Respiration in Prawn and Cockroach

â–º Metamorphosis in Lepidopteran Insects

â–º Social life in Termite

 

Onychophora

â–º General characteristics and Evolutionary significance

Mollusca

â–º General characteristics and Classification up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994)

â–º Nervous system in Pila sp

â–º Torsion in Gastropoda

â–º Feeding and respiration in Pila sp

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Echinodermata

â–º General characteristics and Classification up to classes (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994)

â–º Water-vascular system in Asterias

â–º Echinoderm larva and affinities with chordates

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Hemichordata

â–º General characteristics of phylum Hemichordata.

â–º Relationship with non-chordates and chordates

NON CHORDATE II : COELOMATES

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Introduction to Chordates

â–ºGeneral characteristics and outline classification of Phylum Chordata (Young, 1981)

Protochordata

â–º General characteristics and classification of sub- phylum Urochordata and Cephalochordata up to Classes (Young, 1981).

â–º Metamorphosis in Ascidia.

â–º Chordate Features, structure of pharynx and        feeding in Branchiostoma

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Agnatha

â–º General characteristics and classification of    cyclostomes up to order (Young, 1981)

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Pisces

â–º General characteristics and classification up          to living sub classes (Young, 1981)

â–º Accessory respiratory organ

â–º Migration in fishes

â–º Parental care in fishes

â–º Swim bladder in fishes.

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Amphibia

â–º General characteristics and classification up to      living Orders (Young, 1981)

â–º Metamorphosis

â–º Paedomorphosis

â–º Parental care in Amphibia

Reptilia

â–º General characteristics and classification up to living Orders (Young, 1981)

â–º Poison apparatus and Biting mechanism in        Snake.

â–º Poisonous & Non-Poisonous snake.

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Aves

â–º General characteristics and classification up to  living Sub-Classes (Young, 1981).

â–º Exoskeleton and migration in Birds

â–º Principles and aerodynamics of flight

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Mammals

â–º General characteristics and classification up    to living Sub-Classes (Young, 1981).

â–º Exoskeleton derivatives of mammals

â–º Adaptive radiation in mammals with reference  to locomotory appendages

â–º Echolocation in Micro chiropterans

CHORDATA

CHORDATES

TISSUES

â–º Structure

â–º Location

â–º Classification and functions of epithelial tissue

â–º Classification and functions of connective tissue

â–º Classification and functions of muscular tissue

â–º Classification and functions of nervous tissue

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BONE AND CARTILAGE

â–º Structure and types of bones

â–º Structure and types cartilages

â–º Ossification

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

â–º Structure of neuron

â–º Resting membrane potential

â–º Origin of action potential and its propagation across the myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres

â–º Types of synapse

â–º Synaptic transmission and Neuromuscular junction

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

â–º Histology of different types of muscle

â–º Ultra-structure of skeletal muscle

â–º Molecular and chemical basis of muscle contraction

â–º Characteristics of muscle fibre

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

â–º Histology of mammalian testis and ovary

â–º Physiology of mammalian reproduction

â–º Menstrual cycle

â–º Estrous cycle

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

â–º Histology and function:

â–º Thyroid

â–º Pancreas

â–º Adrenal

â–º Function of pituitary

â–º Classification of hormones

â–º Mechanism of Hormone action

â–º Signal transduction pathways

â–º Steroidal hormones

â–º Non- steroidal hormones

â–º Hypothalamus (neuroendocrine gland)

â–º Principal

â–º Nuclei involved in neuroendocrine control of anterior pituitary

â–º Placental hormones

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY : CONTROLLING AND CO-ORDINATING SYSTEM

ANI PHY

CARBOHYDRATES

â–º Structure and Biological importance:

â–º Derivatives of Monosaccharides

â–º Carbohydrate metabolism:

 

LIPIDS

â–º Structure and Significance:

â–º Eicosanoids and terpinoids

â–º Lipid metabolism:

â–º Fatty acid biosynthesis

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PROTEINS

â–º Amino acids:

â–º Protein metabolism:

 

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

â–º Structure of Purines, Pyrimidines

â–º Nucleosides and Nucleotides

â–º Nucleic Acid Metabolism

â–º Catabolism of adenosine, guanosine, cytosine and thymine

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ENZYMES

â–º Nomenclature and classification

â–º Cofactors

â–º Specificity of enzyme action

â–º Isozymes

â–º Mechanism of enzyme action;

â–º Enzyme kinetics

â–º Derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation

â–º Lineweaver-Burk plot

â–º Factors affecting rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions; Enzyme inhibition.

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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

â–º Redox systems

â–º Mitochondrial respiratory chain

â–º Inhibitors and un-couplers of Electron Transport System

BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEM

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasmic organelles II

â–º Ultra-structure and composition of Plasma membrane

â–º Fluid mosaic model

â–º Transport across membrane:

â–º Active and Passive transport

â–º Facilitated transport

â–º Cell junctions:

â–º Tight junctions

â–º Gap junctions

â–º Desmosomes

Cytoplasmic organelles I

â–º Structure and Functions:

â–º Endoplasmic Reticulum

â–º Golgi Apparatus

â–º Lysosomes

â–º Protein sorting and mechanisms of vesicular transport

â–º Mitochondria

â–º Peroxisomes

â–º Centrosome:

â–º Cytoskeleton

â–º Nucleus

â–º Chromatin:

â–º Cell Cycle

â–º Cancer

â–º Cell Signalling

CELL BIOLOGY

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ECOLOGY

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Unit 1: Physiology of Digestion

â–ºStructural organisation and function of gastro-intestinal tract; Mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorption of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins in Human

Unit 2: Physiology of Respiration

â–ºMechanism of Respiration, Respiratory volumes and capacities, transport of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in blood, Dissociation curves and the factors influencing it, respiratory pigments; Carbon monoxide poisoning

Unit 3: Physiology of Circulation 

â–ºStructure and functions of haemoglobin; Blood clotting system; Haematopoiesis; Basic steps and its regulation; Blood groups; ABO and Rh factor

Unit 4: Physiology of Heart

â–ºCoronary Circulation, Structure and working of conducting myocardial fibres, Origin and conduction of cardiac impulses; Cardiac Cycle and cardiac output

Unit 5: Thermoregulation & Osmoregulation

â–ºThermal regulation in camel and polar bear, Osmoregulation in aquatic vertebrates

Unit 6: Renal Physiology 

â–ºStructure of Kidney and its functional unit, Mechanism of urine formation, Regulation of acidbase Balance

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY LIFE SUSTAINING SYSTEMS

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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES

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Unit 1: Overview of Immune System 

â–ºIntroduction – concept of health and disease, Cells and organs of the Immune system

Unit 2: Innate and Adaptive Immunity 

â–ºAnatomical barriers, Inflammation, Cell and molecules involved in innate immunity, Adaptive immunity (Cell mediated and humoral).

Unit 3: Antigens 

â–ºAntigenicity and immunogenicity, Immunogens, Adjuvants and haptens, Factors influencing immunogenicity, B and T-Cell epitopes

Unit 4: Immunoglobulins 

â–ºGeneral plan of circulation, Comparative account of heart and aortic arches

Unit 5: Major Histocompatibility Complex

â–ºStructure and functions of MHC molecules, Structure of T cell Receptor and its signalling, T cell development & selection

Unit 6: Cytokines 

â–ºTypes, properties and functions of cytokines.

Unit 7: Complement System 

â–ºComponents and pathways of complement activation.

Unit 8: Hypersensitivity 

â–ºGell and Coombs’ classification and brief description of various types of hypersensitivities.

Unit 9: Vaccines 

â–ºVarious types of vaccines, Active & passive immunization (Artificial and natural).

IMMUNOLOGY

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PRINCIPLE OF GENETICS

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Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and its Extension 

â–ºPrinciples of inheritance, Incomplete dominance and co-dominance, Epistasis, Multiple alleles, Isoallele (White eye mutations), Pseudoallele (Lozenge Locus) & Cis-trans test for allelism, Lethal alleles, Pleiotropy, Penetrance & Expressivity

Unit 2: Linkage, Crossing Over and Linkage Mapping 

â–ºLinkage and Crossing, Complete & Incomplete Linkage, Measuring Recombination frequency and linkage map construction using three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence Sex linkage in Drosophila (White eye locus) & Human (Haemophilia)

Unit 3: Mutations 

â–ºTypes of gene mutations (Classification), Types of chromosomal aberrations (Classification with one suitable example from Drosophila and Human of each), variation in chromosome number; Nondisjunction of X chromosome in Drosophila; Non-disjunction of Human Chromosome 21. Molecular basis of mutations in relation to UV light and chemical mutagens. Mutation detection in Drosophila by attached X method. Biochemical mutation detection in Neurospora.

Unit 4: Sex Determination 

â–ºMechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila and in man; Dosage compensation in Drosophila & Human

Unit 5: Extra-chromosomal Inheritance 

â–ºKappa particle in Paramoecium, Shell spiralling in snail 

Unit 6: Genetic Fine Structure 

â–ºComplementation test in Bacteriophage (Benzer’s experiment on rII locus)

Unit 7: Transposable Genetic Elements 

â–ºIS element in bacteria, Ac-Ds elements in maize and P elements in Drosophila, LINE, SINE, Alu elements in humans

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

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Unit 1: Early Embryonic Development 

â–ºGametogenesis: Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis (sea urchin & mammal); Types of eggs, Egg membranes; Fertilization in sea urchin and mammal; Planes and patterns of cleavage; Types of Blastula [frog and chick]; Fate map in chick embryo, fate mapping using vital dye and radioactive technique; Gastrulation in frog and chick; Embryonic induction and organizers in Xenopus (Spemann & Mangold’s experiment).

Unit 2: Late Embryonic Development 

â–ºExtra-embryonic membranes in Chick; Implantation of embryo in humans, Placenta (Structure, types and functions of placenta)

Unit 3: Post Embryonic Development

â–ºDevelopment of brain and Eye in Chick. Molecular Induction in Brain and Eye development.

Unit 4: Implications of Developmental Biology 

â–ºIn vitro fertilization (IVF), Stem cell: Concept of potency, types, markers and applications of stem cell therapy in bone marrow transplantation and cartilage regeneration

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

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Unit 1: Origin of Life (Chemical basis), RNA world hypothesis

Unit 2 : Historical review of Evolutionary concepts: Lamarkism, Darwinism and Neo Darwinism

Unit 3: Geological time scale, Fossil: types and age determination by Carbon dating, Evolution of horse

Unit 4: Natural Selection: Modes with Example

Unit 5: Species concept, Isolating mechanisms, modes of speciation; Speciation by chromosome rearrangement in Drosophila. Adaptive radiation/macroevolution (exemplified by Galapagos finches).

Unit 6: Origin and Evolution of Man, Unique Hominid characteristics contrasted with primate Characteristic

Unit 7: Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Law; factors disrupting H-W equilibrium (Genetic Drift, Migration and Mutation and Selection in changing allele frequencies (only derivations required). Simple problems related to estimation of allelic and gene frequencies.

Unit 8 : Extinction, back ground and mass extinctions, detailed example of K-T extinction

Unit 9 : Phylogenetic trees, construction and interpretation of Phylogenetic tree using parsimony, convergent and divergent evolution.

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ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR & CHRONOBIOLOGY

Unit 1: Patterns of Behaviour 

â–ºStereotyped Behaviours (Orientation, Reflex); Individual Behavioural patterns; Instinct vs. Learned Behaviour; FAP, Associative learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation, Imprinting.

Unit 2: Social and Sexual Behaviour

â–ºSocial organisation in termites; Communication (dance & pheromones in Bees) Social behaviour: Altruism (Hamilton’s rule and concept of haplodiploidy), Cooperation and Selfishness Sexual Behaviour: Sexual dimorphism, Mate choice in peacock, Intra-sexual selection (male rivalry in red deer) Kinship theory: Relatedness & inclusive fitness; parental care in fishes (Nest Building & cost benefit), conflict within families: parent offspring conflict and sibling rivalry

Unit 3: Chronobiology & Biological Rhythm

â–ºTypes and characteristics of biological rhythms: Short- and Long- term rhythms; Circadian rhythms; Tidal rhythms and Lunar rhythms, Circannual rhythms; Photic and non-photic zeitgebers; Role of melatonin. Biological clock and its adaptive significance. Circannual rhythm in bird migration.

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ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Introduction

â–ºOrganization of E.coli and Drosophila genome.

Unit 2: Molecular Techniques in Gene manipulation 

â–ºRecombinant DNA technology, Restriction endonucleases. Cloning Vectors & their features:  plasmids, Phage vectors, Cosmids, Phagemids, BAC, YAC, and HAC. Shuttle and Expression Vectors. Construction of Genomic libraries and cDNA libraries Transformation techniques: Cloning in bacteria and detection technique of clone Agarose and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Southern, Northern and Western blotting, Polymerase chain reaction: Allele specific, RAPD & RT PCR, DNA Fingerprinting.

Unit 3: Genetically Modified Organisms 

â–ºProduction of cloned and transgenic animals: Nuclear Transplantation, Retroviral Method, DNA microinjection. Applications of transgenic animals: Production of pharmaceuticals, production of donor organs, knock-out mice.

Unit 4: Culture Techniques and Applications 

â–ºAnimal cell culture, Expressing cloned genes in mammalian cells, Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases (Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anaemia, Thalassemia). Dolly &Polly cloning Genetically modified economically important animal Gene Therapy.

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ANIMAL CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit 1: Introduction 

â–ºConcept and Scope of Biotechnology

Unit 2: Techniques in Gene manipulation 

â–ºRecombinant DNA technology, Restriction endonucleases. Cloning Vectors & their features: Plasmids, Phage vectors, Cosmids, Phagemids, BAC, YAC, and HAC. Shuttle and Expression Vectors. Construction of Genomic libraries and cDNA libraries Transformation techniques: Cloning in bacteria and detection technique of clone

Unit 3: Animal cell Culture 

â–ºBasic techniques in animal cell culture and organ culture, Primary Culture and Cell lines, Culture media – Natural and Synthetic, Stem cells, Cryopreservation of cultures. Agarose and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Southern, Northern and Western blotting, Polymerase chain reaction: Allele specific, RAPD & RT PCR.

Unit 4: Fermentation 

â–ºDifferent types of Fermentation: Submerged & Solid state; batch, Fed batch & Continuous; Stirred tank, Air Lift, Fixed Bed and Fluidized. Downstream Processing: Filtration, centrifugation, extraction, chromatography, spray drying and lyophilization.

Unit 5: Application in Health 

â–ºHybridoma technology, Production of recombinant Proteins: Insulin and growth hormones.

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FISH & FISHERY

Unit 1: Introduction and Classification 

â–ºFeeding habit, habitat and manner of reproduction. Classification of fish (upto Subclasses) (Romar, 1959)

Unit 2: Morphology and Physiology 

â–ºTypes of fins and their modifications; Locomotion in fish; Hydrodynamics; Types of Scales, Use of scales in Classification and determination of age of fish; Gills and gas exchange; Swim Bladder: Types and role in Respiration, buoyancy; Electric organ, Bioluminescence

Unit 3: Fisheries 

â–ºInland Fisheries; Marine Fisheries; Fishing crafts and Gears; Depletion of fisheries resources; Application of remote sensing and GIS in fisheries; Fisheries law and regulations

Unit 4: Aquaculture 

â–ºExtensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture of fish; Pen and cage culture; Polyculture; Composite fish culture; Brood stock management; Induced breeding of fish; Management of finfish hatcheries; Preparation and maintenance of fish aquarium; Preparation of compound diets for fish; Role of water quality in aquaculture; Fish diseases: Bacterial, viral and parasitic; Preservation and processing of harvested fish, Fishery by-products 

Unit 5: Fish in research 

â–ºTransgenic fish, Zebra fish as a model organism in research

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BIOLOGY OF INSECT

Unit 1: Insect Taxonomy 

â–ºBasis of insect classification; Classification of insects up to orders (Ruppert and Barnes, 1994)

Unit 2: General Morphology of Insects 

â–ºExternal Features; Head – Eyes, Types of antennae, Mouth parts with respect to feeding habits Thorax: Wings and wing articulation, Types of Legs adapted to diverse habitat Abdominal appendages and genitalia

 Unit 3: Physiology of Insects 

â–ºStructure and physiology of Insect body systems - Digestive, respiratory, endocrine and nervous system Photoreceptors: Types, Structure and Function Metamorphosis: Types and Neuroendocrine control of  metamorphosis

Unit 4: Insect Society

â–ºSocial insects with special reference to termites Trophallaxis in social insects such as ants, termites and bees

Unit 5: Insect Plant Interaction

â–ºTheory of co-evolution, role of allelochemicals in host plant mediation Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects, Major insect pests in paddy

Unit 6: Insects as Vectors

â–ºInsects as mechanical and biological vectors, Brief discussion on houseflies and mosquitoes as important vectors

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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Unit 1: Reproductive Endocrinology 

â–ºMechanism of action of steroid and glycoprotein hormones. Hypothalamo – Hypophyseal –gonadal axis, regulation of gonadotrophin secretion in human (male and female); Reproductive system: Development and differentiation of gonads, genital ducts and external genitalia

Unit 2: Functional anatomy of male reproduction 

â–ºHistoarchitechture of testis in human; Spermatogenesis and its hormonal regulation; Androgen synthesis and metabolism; Accessory glands functions

Unit 3: Functional anatomy of female reproduction 

â–ºHistoarchitechture of ovary in human; Oogenesis and its hormonal regulation; Steroidogenesis and secretion of ovarian hormones; Reproductive cycles (human) and their regulation, Fertilization; Hormonal control of implantation; Hormonal regulation of gestation, pregnancy diagnosis, fetomaternal relationship; Mechanism of parturition and its hormonal regulation; Lactation and its regulation

Unit 4: Reproductive Health 

â–ºInfertility in male and female: causes, diagnosis and management, Assisted Reproductive Technology: Sex selection, sperm banks, frozen embryos, in vitro fertilization IVF & IUI Modern contraceptive technologies

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ENDOCRINOLOGY

Unit 1: Introduction to Endocrinology 

â–ºGeneral idea of Endocrine systems, Classification, Characteristic and Transport of Hormones, Neuro-secretions and Neuro-hormones: Examples and Functions 

Unit 2: Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Axis

â–ºStructure and functions of hypothalamus and Hypothalamic nuclei, Regulation of neuroendocrine glands, Feedback mechanisms, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Gonadal Axis. Structure of pituitary gland, Hormones and their functions, Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Unit 3: Peripheral Endocrine Glands 

â–ºStructure, Hormones and Functions of Thyroid gland, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovary and Testis. Disorders of endocrine glands (Diabetes mellitus type I & Type II; Graves’ Disease).

Unit 4: Regulation of Hormone Action 

â–ºMechanism of action of steroidal, non-steroidal hormones with receptors (cAMP, IP3-DAG), Calcium and Glucose homeostasis in mammals. Bioassays of hormones using RIA & ELISA, Estrous cycle in rat and menstrual cycle in human 

Unit 5. Non Mammalian Vertebrate Hormone 

â–ºFunctions of Prolactin in Fishes, Amphibia & Birds; Function of Melanotropin in Teleost fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles.

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PARASITOLOGY

Unit 1: Introduction to Parasitology 

â–ºBrief introduction of Parasitism, Parasite, Parasitoid and Vectors (mechanical and biological vector); Host parasite relationship

Unit 2: Parasitic Protists 

â–ºStudy of Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Giardia intestinalis, Trypanosoma gambiense, Leishmania-donovani

Unit 3: Parasitic Platyhelminthes 

â–ºStudy of Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Schistosoma haematobium, Taenia-solium

Unit 4: Parasitic Nematodes 

â–ºStudy of Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Ascaris-lumbricoides, Ancylostoma-duodenale, Wuchereriabancrofti, Nematode plant interaction.

Unit 5: Parasitic Arthropods 

â–ºBiology, importance and control of ticks: Soft tick (Ornithodoros), Hard tick (Ixodes), mites (Sarcoptes), Lice (Pediculus), Flea (Xenopsylla) and Bug (Cimex). Parasitoid.

Unit 6: Parasite Vertebrates 

â–ºCookicutter Shark, Hood Mockingbird, Vampire bats their parasitic behaviour and effect on host.

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